Python Decorators, Methods, and Functions

Next, we need to decorate some functions. Let's create three functions. The first two will be decorated by decorate and ornament, respectively. The third will be created by both.

>>> @decorate
... def a(): pass
...
>>> @ornament
... def b(): pass
...
>>> @decorate
... @ornament
... def c(): pass

Now simply type the names -- not even the calls of the functions in turn. You will see that they are all residing as objects in memory.

>>> a
<function a at 0xb7de7df4>
>>> b
<function b at 0xb7de7e2c>
>>> c
<function c at 0xb7de7e9c>

• Python's Function Decorators: An Introduction
• Python Decorator Precursors: A History of Python's staticmethod()
• Python Decorator Precursors: A History of Python's classmethod()
• Redirecting Python Calls to Functions and Methods
• Defining the Decoration
• Decorating Functions in Python
• Output of the Decorated Functions